ГРОМАДСЬКА ТА ПРИВАТНА ІНІЦІАТИВА У РОЗВИТКУ ПОЧАТКОВОЇ ОСВІТИ В МАРІУПОЛІ ТА МАРІУПОЛЬСЬКОМУ ПОВІТІ (ДРУГА ПОЛОВИНА ХІХ СТ.)

Анотація

У статті висвітлено процес становлення початкової освіти в Маріуполі та Маріупольському повіті протягом другої половини ХІХ – початку ХХ ст. Показано специфіку розбудови системи початкової освіти та управління цією галуззю відповідно до Положення про початкові народні училища (1864 р). Проаналізовано діяльність земства та громадськості у становленні закладів початкової освіти етно-конфесійних спільнот, що населяли територію Маріупольського повіту. Розкрито особливості організації навчання у початкових школах.

The article describes the activities of county district council, the civic and individual, which contributed to the development of primary education in Mariupol and Mariupol counties during the second half of the nineteenth century. Generalization and systematization of statistical records and research results of native scientists reveal different aspects of the history of education in the South of Ukraine. The features of construction of primary schools subordinated to the Ministry of National Education and institutions of ethno-confessional minorities, which, in its turn, are subordinated to the Ministry of Internal Affair, are shown based on the conducted analysis.

Attention is focused on the fact that Mariupol was an integral part of the multi-ethnic region. According to the first population census of 1897, the most numerous ethnic groups in the South of Ukraine were: Ukrainians – 56.1 %, Russians – 21.4 %, Jews – 7.6 %, Germans – 4.4 %, Tatars – 3.4 %, Moldavians – 2.5 %, Greeks – 1.2 %, Bulgarians – 1.1 % and others. The availability of a large number of ethnic-religious groups has led to the emergence of a large number of public schools for children of different nations and nationalities.

It is proved that the amount of primary education, that was opened by district council in Mariupol county was significantly higher than the state educational institutions. Their advantages were free training, availability of textbooks and proximity to accommodation of students.  Indicated that due to the activity of the Mariupol district council and private initiative in the second half of the nineteenth century, there were 72 district council schools, in which 7 312 pupils received primary education. Among such educational institutions are Russian, Bulgarian, Greek and Jewish public schools. Due to the private initiative in Mariupol, elementary schools for women and men were successfully opened during the years 1853–1889.